INTRODUCTION:

The Dietary Reference Intake (or DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the US National Academy of Sciences. The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada and is intended for the general public and health professionals.

Applications include:

#Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes

#Industries developing new food stuffs

#Healthcare policy makers and public health officials

The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The DRI values are not currently used in nutrition labeling, where the older Reference Daily Intake are still used.



Adequate Intake of Vitamin D May Prevent Diabetes:

Adequate intake of vitamin D may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes and reduce complications for those who have already been diagnosed, according to researchers from Loyola University Chicago Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing. "Vitamin D has widespread benefits for our health and certain chronic diseases in particular," said Sue Penckofer, study co-author. "This article further substantiates the role of this nutrient in the prevention and management of glucose intolerance and diabetes."Many of the 23 million Americans with diabetes have low vitamin D levels.

Evidence suggests that vitamin D plays an integral role in insulin sensitivity and secretion. Vitamin D deficiency results in part from poor nutrition, which is one of the most challenging issues for people with diabetes. Another culprit is reduced exposure to sunlight, which is common during cold weather months when days are shorter and more time is spent indoors.One study examined for this review article evaluated 3,000 people with type 1 diabetes and found a decreased risk in disease for people who took vitamin D supplements.

Observational studies of people with type 2 diabetes also revealed that supplementation may be important in the prevention of this disease."Management of vitamin D deficiency may be a simple and cost-effective method to improve blood sugar control and prevent the serious complications associated with diabetes," said Joanne Kouba, study co-author.Diet alone may not be sufficient to manage vitamin D levels.

A combination of adequate dietary intake of vitamin D, exposure to sunlight, and treatment with vitamin D2 or D3 supplements can decrease the risk of diabetes and related health concerns. The preferred range in the body is 30 - 60 ng/mL of 25(OH) vitamin D."People at risk for diabetes should be screened for low vitamin D levels," said Mary Ann Emanuele, study co-author. "This will allow health care professionals to identify a nutrient deficiency early on and intervene to improve the long term health of these individuals."Vitamin D deficiency also may be associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and heart disease. In fact, Penckofer recently published another study in Circulation that reported on the role of chronic vitamin D deficiency in heart disease.